Docker

Introduction

  • Provide light-weight virtual environment with suitable version for program to execute in order to run the program smoothly and prevent conflict due to version issue

  • Registry: the link that used to get docker image ,which is similar with git repository

  • Image: a template of docker for creating container

  • Container: a light-weight virtual environment that run the instance of docker image

Virtual Machine vs Docker

Virtual Machine

  • Initially, we need one physical server for one application, which is expensive and cannot make good use of all of the memory and CPU

  • After virtualization, several virtual machines is isolated from host operation system which contains their own guest operation system and share CPU and memory from the computer

  • Therefore, different operation system can be existed in a server to run multiple applications

Docker

  • Docker containers which creates a virtual environment can run at the same time by using the same host operation system

  • Therefore, the boot up time will be shorter and becomes light-weight compared with virtual machine

  • The image registry provides the portability, so that the image is easily to be reused across different machines

General Flow

Summary

  1. Pull the Image from registry

  2. Create new instance of container based on docker image

  3. Start the instance

  4. Execute the instance

Pull the image

  • Syntax

docker image pull (image-name):(version)

  • Example

docker image pull mysql:8.0
docker image pull mysql
docker image pull ubuntu

If the version is not defined, the default version will be latest

  • Result

Create New Instance

  • Syntax

  • -d means run in background

  • -p defines the port run in local

  • -v defines the location of volume to backup the data in local, so that the data can be shared between different containers

docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]

  • Example

docker run  -d -v /Users/petercheng/Desktop/Jenkins:/var/jenkins_home 
-p 8080:8080 -p 50000:50000 --name my_jenkins_container jenkins/jenkins:lts 

 docker run --name=mysql_container -d -v 
 /Users/petercheng/Desktop/mysql:/var/lib/mysql 
 -p 3316:3306 --env MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=1234  mysql/mysql-server

If the name is not defined, the name will be generated randomly

  • Result

From the list, we can see that there is 2 instances that we created with their name and container id

Remove the instance

  • Syntax

docker rm (container id)

  • Example

docker rm 0504

  • Result

Start the instance

  • Syntax

docker start (container id)/(container name)

  • Example

docker start 44ed

  • Result

Stop the instance

  • Syntax

docker stop (container id)/(container name)

  • Example

docker stop 44ed

Execute the instance

  • Syntax

docker exec -it (container id)/(container name)

  • Example 

dokcer exec -it test bash

  • Result

Customize Image

  • Commit the container

docker commit (CONTAINER_ID)/(CONTAINER_NAME)

  • Check whether new image is created or not and its image id

docker image ls

  • Edit the name of new image

docker image tag <IMAGE_ID> <YOUR CUSTOM NAME>

Push / Pull Image

  • Register an account and create new repository on dockerHub

  • Login 

docker login

Push

  • Change the name

docker tag <Your image> <account_name>/<repository_name>

  • Example

docker tag custom_ubuntu headshootcheng/test

  • Push to registry

docker push headshootcheng/test

Pull

docker pull headshootcheng/test

  • Result

Push image to GCP

  • Login to gcp 

gcloud auth login
gcloud auth configure-docker

  • Change the name of image and push google cloud container registry

docker tag ${IMAGE_NAME} asia.gcr.io/${YOUR PROJECT ID}/${IMAGE_NAME}

docker push asia.gcr.io/${YOUR PROJECT ID}/${IMAGE_NAME}

Docker File

Introduction

  • Initially, we need to execute the container and then generate new image, which is inconvenient.

  • Instead, we can write a script on docker file in order to automatize the process

  • It is a material of making a template (docker image)

  • FROM : from the original source of image

  • RUN: execute the command

  • COPY: copy file to specific directory

  • WORKDIR: cd into specific directory

  • CMD: execute the program on container, such as: node index.js

Example

  • Edit Dockerfile

// Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN touch hello.txt
CMD ["bash"]

  • Create New Image by executing Dockerfile

docker image build -t custom_image

  • Create + Start + Execute the container , and then see the result

we can see that hello.txt is here

Entry Point vs CMD

  • ENTRYPOINT should be defined when using the container as an executable.

  • CMD should be used as a way of defining default arguments for an ENTRYPOINT command or for executing an ad-hoc command in a container.

  • CMD will be overridden when running the container with alternative arguments.

  • ENTRYPOINT can be changed using the --entrypoint flag, but this should rarely be necessary for container images being used in the way they were intended.

ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/my-app"]
CMD ["help"]
# Executes /usr/bin/my-app help
$ docker run my-image:latest

# Executes /usr/bin/my-app version
$ docker run my-image:latest version

# Executes bash -c "ls /"
$ docker run --entrypoint bash my-image:latest -c "ls /"

No ENTRYPOINT

ENTRYPOINT exec_entry p1_entry

ENTRYPOINT ["exec_entry", "p1_entry"]

No CMD

error, not allowed

/bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry

exec_entry p1_entry

CMD ["exec_cmd", "p1_cmd"]

exec_cmd p1_cmd

/bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry

exec_entry p1_entry exec_cmd p1_cmd

CMD exec_cmd p1_cmd

/bin/sh -c exec_cmd p1_cmd

/bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry

exec_entry p1_entry /bin/sh -c exec_cmd p1_cmd

Docker Compose

Introduction

  • In a big scale, we may need to execute several containers, it is time-wasting to create and start them one by one.

  • By writing a script docker-compose.yml, the process can be executed automatically

Example

  • Writing docker-compose.yml

version: "3"
services:
  sql:
    restart: always
    image: "headshootcheng/keungsql"
    volumes:
      - "./config.conf:/etc/my.cnf"
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: "1234"
    ports:
      - "3316:3306"
    container_name: keungsql
  ubuntu:
    image: "headshootcheng/test"
    tty: true
    container_name: keungUbuntu

  • Execute the command

# Start
docker-compose up (-d)

# Stop
docker compose stop

# Trace log
docker compose logs <name>

  • Result

  • 2 instances of container with 2 different images are created and started

Volume

  • When creating volume, the folder will be created on the machine to host the data

docker volume create --name db-data
docker volume ls

  • Attach the volume to connect with path declared on the containerized environment

docker run -v db-data:/db/data -it ubuntu ls -la /db/data
docker run -v db-data:/db/data -it ubuntu touch /db/data/file
docker run -v db-data:/db/data -it ubuntu ls -la /db/data

  • The same volume is shared among the above commands, so the result

Debug

  • Create a docker file with meaningless entry point, so that we can execute the container to debug

# ...
ENTRYPOINT ["tail", "-f", "/dev/null"]

Reference

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